India (and its neighbors) Filmography
updated (10/00)

2000 years of freedom and honor [videorecording] : the Cochin Jews of India / film by Johanna Spector. Two thousand years of freedom and honor. [Teaneck? NJ] . c1997. 1 videocassette (80 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. No call number available

Ajit [videorecording] : [the unconquerable] / a Chakra presentation ; script, production, direction, Arvind Sinha. New York, NY . 1996. 1 videocassette (28 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Film looks at the realities of childhood among the impoverished in underdeveloped countries through a close-up view of an eight-year-old boy who works as a domestic in a middle class Calcutta household. He is shown at his daily tasks - sweeping, cleaning, laundry, and caring for his employer's children. There is not time for school but when he is interviewed, Ajit says he is fortunate for in this household he is given ample food as wages, while in the countryside he often went hungry. VHS 5548

Ancient India [videorecording] / Cromwell Productions, Ltd. ; Eagle Rock Entertainment. Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1999. Ancient civilizations. 1 videocassette (47 min.) ; sd., col. ; 1/2 in. The antecedents of modern Indian culture can be traced back to the Harappan civilization, which flourished between 2300 and 1500 BC in what are now Pakistan and Afghanistan. This era saw the birth of the Hindu religion. The Aryan tribes from the Russian steppes invaded the subcontinent in 1000 BC, bringing their language and culture. The resulting synthesis between the Aryan and Indian civilizations brought forth a unique society that included a caste system, which soon became entrenched. Program examines the religious tension between Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam, and the historical events that shaped the great Indian civilizations from the Morian Empire through the Mogul Empire. Maps and scholars provide insight into a culture that remains vibrant and diverse today. VHS 6354

Annapurna Mahila Mandal (Bombay) [videorecording] / produced by Reflections Bombay India and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for the U.S. Agency for International Development's Development Education Program (Biden-Pell) for Glenhurst Publications. St. Louis Park, MN . c1990. 1 videocassette (12 min.) : sd. ; col. ; 1/2 in. + video guide (23 p. ; 28 cm.). Describes a society of more than 5,000 who provide meals in their homes to migrant workers whose families remain in the country. The society was formed to obtain low-interest loans for the women who were previously charged interest of as much as 150% by the grocers or money-lenders for the food supplies. The major drawback of the arrangement for the women is the long hours with no days off. VHS 1335

An appointment with the astrologer [videorecording] : personal consultants in Hindu society / BBC-TV Educational Communications Production. Appointment with the astrologer, personal consultants in Hindu society Personal consultants in Hindu society. [United States?] . 1984. 1 videocassette (40 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Prominence of astrology in everyday Hindu life is explored. VHS 799

The Apu trilogy [videorecording] / written and directed by Satyajit Ray. Culver City, Calif. : Columbia Tristar Home Video, c1996. Sony Pictures classics. 3 videocassettes (ca. 332 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. Presents the moving saga of Apu and his family in India. VHS 44

Bhopal [videorecording] : the second tragedy / written and produced by Mark Tully. Princeton, NJ . 1995. 1 videocassette (54 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences, 1/2 in. More than ten years after "the world's biggest chemical disaster," there remain unresolved serious issues of unpaid damages, legal accountability, environmental reform and institutional failure on the part of Union Carbide, the chemical industry, and the US and Indian governments. VHS 4262

The Birth of Pakistan [videorecording] / Films for the Humanities & Sciences ; a production of Visnews. Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1993. Archives of the 20th century. 1 videocassette (20 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. On August 15, 1947, Pakistan was born. As the former Indian provinces debated whether to be part of India or Pakistan, religious differences flared into full-scale rioting, which led to large-scale migration; millions moved from India to Pakistan, and vice versa. This program documents the birth of the new country; the death of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the Moslem League; the economic and political problems of the new country; the Indus Water Treaty; the war in Kashmir; the independence of Bangladesh and the resulting war with India; the rise and fall of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto; Zia's assumption of power and adoption of strict Islamic rules; the impact of the war in Afghanistan; the death of Zia and the election of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter, Benazir. VHS 6308

The Bomb under the world [videorecording] / produced by Green Lion Productions Inc. in association with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, with the participation of Telefilm Canada, Société gén´ erale des industries culturelles (SOGIC), and the National Film Board of Canada. [Montréal] : NFB, 1994. The Human race ; pt. 1. 1 videocassette (52 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. An ornately decorated elephant leads a parade through an Indian village, in a promotional campaign for soap. Consumer society is coming, and India's growing population looks for the same goods and a similar living standard as the West enjoys. Examines the consequences of Western-style consumerism in a large developing country. VHS 3451

Bombay, our city [videorecording] / production, direction and editing, Anand Patwardham. [New York? c1985. 1 videocassette (57 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Four million people live in the slums of Bombay without water, sanitation or electricity and they face eviction as the city tries to "beautify" Bombay. VHS 2424

The Chanting Lama [videorecording] / production of Open End Theatre. London : Sussex Tapes ; Guilford, CT : distributed by Audio Forum, 1992. Music and society. 1 videocassette (27 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Showing scenes from Benares, Darjeeling, and the Western Himalayas, the camera conveys the ritual dance and music of Tibetan refugees in Northern India against a backdrop of religious painting, sculpture and architecture. VHS 3647

Circles-cycles Kathak dance [videorecording] / Robert Gottlieb. Berkley, Calif. 1989. 1 videocassette (ca. 28 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Illustrates the concept of the circular in Indian philosophy and religion as it is portrayed in Kathak, the classical dance form of North India. VHS 732

Classical Indian dance [videorecording] / Central Independent Television ; Central Production. Indian dance. Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1995. Classical images. 1 videocassette (60 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Presents classical dances from India, demonstrating the range of this art form with its combination of mime, gesture, facial expression and body movement, all executed within a traditional framework rich in allegory. VHS 4591

The Colonial idea [videorecording] / British Broadcasting Corporation ; in coproduction with KCET, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and Ontario Educational Communications Authority. Wilmette, Ill. : Films Inc., 1977, made 1976. The Age of uncertainty ; pt. 4. 1 videocassette (60 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Explores the myths and motives of colonialism using India and Great Britain as the prime example. Presents an in-depth look at the British intervention, control and domination, and finally the removal of the colonial government. VHS 4194

Dadi's family [videorecording] / Worldview Productions film produced by Public Broadcasting Associates. Washington, D.C. : PBS Video, 1988. Odyssey series. 1 videocassette (60 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Portrait of a farming family in India which focuses on Dadi, the grandmother, who manages a large household of sons, daughters-in-law and grandchildren and tries to hold the extended family together despite external and internal changes. Looks at the role and lives of women, who become members of their husband's family upon marriage. Describes the impact of current social change on traditional customs and women's life in India. VHS 2097

Discovering the music of India [videorecording] / directed by Bernard Wilets. Chatsworth, Calif. : AIMS Media, [1994?, orig. 1969] Discovering music series. 1 videocassette (22 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Describes the two main types of Indian music, the Karnatic of the south and the Hindustani of the north, dating back more than three thousand years. Demonstrates the use of a wide variety of simple and complex instruments. Points out several ways in which Indian music differs from Western music. Includes a traditional Indian dance showing the importance of the art of gesture. VHS 3648

Distant thunder [videorecording] = [Ashani sanket] / Balaka Movies. New York, N.Y. 1974. 1 videocassette (92 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Set in India in 1942 before the Bengal famine, a Brahmin (Soumitra Chatterjee) and his beautiful wife (Babita) find their village, despite a successful harvest, overrun by famine as all available grain is diverted to British troops for World War II. Village social order collapses as the situation grows increasingly desperate and the man is forced to abandon his priestly identity and his bourgeois aspirations. Directed by Sayajit Ray. VHS 1085

Eunuchs [videorecording] : India's third gender / BBC. [S.l.] : BBC Lionheart Television, c1991. Under the sun / editor, Chris Curling. 1 videocassette (ca. 50 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. The film interviews a couple, Dinesh, a male, and Kiran, a eunuch who dresses as a female and fulfills a housewifely role. The film also features a eunuch community that supports itself by the traditional roles of faith healing and blessing ceremonies celebrating major life events. It also shows a community in Bombay where eunuchs can no longer support themselves in the traditional manner but instead have turned to prostitution. Two new recruits are admitted into this community in a traditional Indian wedding ceremony. VHS 2465

Fishing in the sea of greed [videorecording] / Anand Patwardhan. New York, NY . 1998. 1 videocassette (45 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Film looks at the problems faced by traditional Indian fishing communities as the result of the industrial fishing practices of gigantic factory ships and at the problems faced by rice growers due to aqua-culture prawn farming (promoted by such agencies as the World Bank) whose run-off waste causes salination of ground water. Documents efforts of the National Fish Workers Forum and the World Forum of Fishworkers and Fish Harvesters to get the Government of India to cancel fishing licenses to foreign vessels and to implement existing coastal protection laws against industrial pollution, tourism and aqua-culture. VHS 5610

Follow the rainbow [videorecording] / produced in association with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Norad (Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation) ; a Vector Productions/Nexus Features Ltd. production for Channel Four ; directed by Vasudha Joshi and Ranjan Palit. Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1992. Indigenous peoples standing their ground. 1 videocassette (ca. 52 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Damming the Subarnarekha River in India's South Bihar region will have catastrophic results for the native Ho Indians. The Ho's campaign of resistance has so far led to the temporary suspension of World Bank payments for the project. VHS 1950

The Fourth stage [videorecording] / a BBC TV/Educational Communications production in association with TVKC ; produced in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin's Contemporary Civilizations of South Asia Films Project. Alexandria, Va. : Educational Communications, inc., [1984]. 1 videocassette (42 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Retired Indian journalist, E.R. Seturam is considering whether to embark on an ancient Hindu quest for self-realization through the fourth stage of life (sannyasa). Film accompanies Seturam as he discusses his possible decision with colleagues, family members, other sannyasins, and holy men throughout India. VHS 798

The future of Tibet [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with the Institute for Asian Democracy ; Lion and Foul Productions, Inc. [S.l.] . 1991. 1 videocassette (16 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Discusses the history of the Chinese occupation of Tibet and world reactions to human rights abuses. VHS 1508

Gandhi [videorecording] / Columbia Pictures in association with Goldcrest Films and International Film Investors and National Film Development Corporation of India and Indo-British Films. Burbank, Calif. c1982. 2 videocassettes (ca. 180 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. The epic story of Gandhi's life and of the movement he led which used passive resistance to express the aspirations of his countrymen for independence from British rule. Traces the life of Mahandas K. Gandhi, stressing his philosophy of nonviolence as a technique for political change, from his activities in Southern Africa in the Indian Congress Party (1893) through his return to India (1915), his role in the Indian National Congress Party, and his various campaigns and struggles for Indian independence. Ends with his death by assassination in 1948, just a few months after Indian independence. Directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Ben Kingsley. VHS 59

Gandhi [videorecording] : end of an empire / executive producer, Channel 80 ; producer, Vision 7 ; directed by Gilles Delannoy. Princeton, N.J. c1989. 1 videocassette (52 min.) : sd., b&w ; 1/2 in. Presents a portrait of the architect of India's independence and of the techniques of non-violent resistance. Follows the events from his activities in South Africa in 1893 through his return to India in 1915, his role in the Indian National Congress Party and his role in India's struggle for independence from Great Britain. It discusses the explosive tensions between Moslems and Hindus, and ends with Gandhi's assassination and funeral. VHS 725

Gimme somethin' to dance to! [videorecording] : what is bhangra? / produced, directed, edited by Tejaswini Ganti ; produced in connection with New York University, Dept. of Anthropology Program in Culture and Media. [New York] . c1995. 1 videocassette (18 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Documents the rising popularity of bhangra music, originally from the Punjab and popularized in England, principally by Bally Sagoo, with the addition of Western instrumentation, rap and techno beats, and special effects. Popular over American radio stations, bhangra music brings together ethnic groups within the expatriate Indian community. Featured are interviews with various radio DJ's. VHS 4083

Given to dance [videorecording] : India's Odissi tradition. Madison, [Wis.] . Center for South Asian Studies [distributor], 1986. 1 videocassette (57 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. An account of the thousand-year tradition of Hindu temple dancing at the Temple of Joggernaut and elsewhere in eastern India and of the women who perform the dances. Concentrates on the Odissi tradition of dancing. VHS 1072

Global village [videorecording] / a WGBH, Richard Keefe, W.A.C.C., B.B.C. co-production. [Washington, D.C. : The American University Library Non-print Media Dept.,] 1985. 1 videocassette (55 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Provides an in-depth look at India's attempt to use satellite technology to leapfrog into the era of space-age communication. Documents the development and use of India's satellite used for television broadcasting into the remote villages of India. Reviews the impact of both educational and entertainment TV on rural communities. VHS 5694

Hello photo [videorecording] / produced at the Film Study Center, Howard University. New York, N.Y. : First Run/Icarus Films, [1995?]. 1 videocassette (55 min.) : sd., col. and b&w ; 1/2 in. Disconnected scenes of a year's travel in India give the impression of walking from one place or event to another. Scenes include crowds, animals, a jute factory, a wedding, a prison, buildings and statuary. VHS 3614

Hindu ascetics [videorecording] / produced for Kaleidoscope Entertainment ; Eberhard Thiem, Helga Lippert, Arno Peik ; producer, Gottfried Kirchner. Princeton, NJ . c1994. 1 videocassette : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Illustrates the rituals and practices of Hindu religious devotees, including ecstatic dancing, meditation, and mind-over-body feats designed to develop the power of concentration. VHS 2653

Hindu devotions at dawn [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Service, 1991. Image India ; no. 9. 1 videocassette (10 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Shows a middle-aged Hindu performing his daily devotions to the sun. Explains that these prayers and praises must precede any other ritual undertakings of the day. VHS 1559

Hindu family celebration [videorecording] : sixtieth birthday / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 11. 1 videocassette (10 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Shows the joyous and solemn celebration performed when a Hindu completes his sixtieth year and describes the significance of the event. VHS 1561

Hindu procession to the sea [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York.. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 7. 1 videocassette (8 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Explains that processions of temple deities through the streets of India constitute a prominent part of visible Hinduism, and that each procession is a celebration of one moment in the on-going liturgical year of any given temple. Shows one of these processions in Madras, India, which has as its object the bathing of the temple deity in the sea. VHS 1557

Hindu sacrament of surrender [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 10. 1 videocassette (8 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Shows a hereditary Preceptor administering to a non-Brahmin couple the qualifying initiation consisting of five discrete ritual sections. VHS 1560

Hindu sacrament of thread investiture [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 8. 1 videocassette (15 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Explains that the sacrament of investiture is considered by many Hindus as the single most important vital event in a pious young man's life. Shows the performance of this rite on a boy as it marks his entry into the period of preparation, celibacy, and education prior to his achieving full manhood in the Hindu religious community. VHS 1558

Hindu sacraments of childhood [videorecording] : the first five years / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 3. 1 videocassette (24 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Describes certain sacramental "cleansings" which mark passage from one critical juncture of life to the next. Depicts some major and minor sacraments of the first five years of a Hindu boy's life, as performed in the intimacy of the family circle, to demonstrate the centrality of domestic-oriented worship in Hinduism. VHS 1553

Hindu temple rites [videorecording] : bathing the image of the god / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 2. 1 videocassette (13 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Documents an annual festival of a small Tengalai temple in Madras City, India. The special Hindu celebration, utsava, is typical of the minor seasonal festival seen at many South Indian Hindu shrines. Explains the symbolism of the Lord as Supreme Visitor, and discusses the roles of priestly specialists. Shows the elaborate bath offered to Lord Vishnu and his two consorts, Goddesses ´Sr¯i and Bh¯u, the burning of incense, bell-ringing recitations of prayers, and the distribution of the food offering to the faithful. Suggests that temple-liturgies are analogous in meaning, intention, and execution to domestic rites at the home-shrine, only on a larger scale. VHS 1551

How a Hindu worships [videorecording] : at the home shrine / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. How a Hindu worships, at the home shrine. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 1. 1 videocassette (14 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Shows a typical, middleclass br¯ahmin, assisted by his wife, as he performs his morning rites of worship (grh¯arcana) at the home shrine. Portrays the role of domestic worship routines in devotional Hinduism, and suggests a rationale to explain why temple-oriented worship occupies a place of secondary importance for many Hindu theists. Filmed within the Tengalai br¯ahmin community of Sr¯ivaisnavas. VHS. Smith, H. Daniel, 1928- Syracuse University. Center for Instructional Communications. Bono Film & Video Services. VHS 1552

Image India [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. 1991. 11 videocassettes (144 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + guides. Explores Hindu rites and religious practices, including the role of Hinduism at various stages of life. All but part 8 filmed within the Tengalai brahmin community of Srivaisnavas. VHS 1551-1561

In the spirit of Manjushri [videorecording] : the wisdom teachings of Buddhism / His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama ; a coproduction of Tibet House New York and Mystic Fire Video. New York, NY : Mystic Fire Video : distributed by Fox Lorber Associates, Inc., c1999. 4 videocassettes (280 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Part 1. Examines the Buddhist belief that the Buddha's first teaching of The Four Noble Truths was the framework within which all his subsequent teaching were given. -- Part 2. Talks focus is on the spirit of enlightenment, the altruistic love and compassion for all sentient beings. Shows how the wisdom teachings (cool, analytic insight into selflessness, into the nature of physical and mental reality as voidness) is a movement of the heart as well as a clarity of the mind. Part 3. Looks at the third phase of the three principle phases of the path of enlightenment, and that is the phase of cultivating a realistic view of the nature of reality, the wisdom of emptiness itself. Presents an overview of the different philosophic views of the Buddhist idealists, those who believe that everything exists in the nature of the mind, and the Buddhist relativists, who believe that outer reality and inner reality are equally real and equally unreal, but their reality is only conventional, while their unreality is absolute. -- Part 4. Looks at the Buddhist refuge precepts and the Manjushri initiation, which empowers the practitioner to draw close to the Bodhisattva, receive his inspiration and assistance in the quest. Includes a dialogue on the Wisdom Teaching between the Dalai Lama and the Venerable Master Sheng-yen, one of the most revered living Buddhist masters in the Ch'an lineage. VHS 6118

India after independence [videorecording] / Films for the Humanities & Sciences ; a production of Visnews. Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1993. Archives of the 20th century. 1 videocassette (21 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. This program covers the anxious years since India became independent in 1947: the rioting and bloodshed of the first few weeks of independence, when tens of thousands died and millions became refugees as Moslems tried to get to the newly created Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs to India; Gandhi's assassination and its aftermath; India's invasion of Portuguese Goa and clash with Chinese forces along the northeast border; Nehru's death; the war in Kashmir; the accession of Indira Gandhi; war and the creation of Bangladesh; violence by and against Sikhs; the events at the Golden Temple in Amritsar; the assassination of Indira Gandhi; and more. VHS 6307

India [videorecording] / a presentation of Wall Street Journal Video ; produced and written by John Mernit ; edited by Harvey Greenstein. [New York : distributed by New Video Group], c1996. Emerging powers ; [2]. 1 videocassette (50 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Examines India's transformation from socialism to capitalism, from poverty to prosperity. Looks at India's liberalization program, large industrial base, nuclear energy program, and market reforms. VHS 3652

India [videorecording] : the empire of the spirit / produced by Maryland Public Television and Central Independent Television, UK, in association with NHK Enterprises. New York, N.Y. : Ambrose Video Publishing, 1991. Legacy ; program 2. 1 videocassette (57 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. The ancient traditions of non-violence and spiritual search, honored by Hindus in the present, were born in the Indus Valley 5,000 years ago. Looks at how ancient India is with us today in the living tradition of the Hindu religion, the basis of Indian culture. Also describes how India has kept true to its ancient tradition of non-violence and spiritual search, even as it became part of the modern world. VHS 1692

India [videorecording] : the struggle for independence : a history of India from the Moguls to the end of the British Empire / Cromwell Productions. Princeton, NJ . c1999. 1 videocassette (30 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. From the rise of the Moghul empire under Babur in 1526 to the setting of the sun on the British Raj in 1948, this program surveys four centuries of history during which India slowly but decisively shook off foreign rule. VHS 6306

An Indian pilgrimage--Kashi [motion picture] / South Asian Area Center, University of Wisconsin--Madison. Madison : The Center, 1976. Contemporary South Asia. Contemporary South Asia. 1 film reel (30 min.) : sd., col. ; 16 mm. Presents a documentary on a pilgrimage to the sacred city of Kashi on the Ganges River. Follows two Telegu-speaking brahmans and their wives who come from south India to perform classical ancestor rites. Shows some of the tenets of Hinduism as the pilgrims are instructed in the correct performance of the rites by a brahman Telegu-speaking priest. In Telegu, with English subtitles. MPD 56

Kaise jeebo re! [videorecording] / a film by Anurag Singh, Jharana Jhaveri ; produced by Jan Madhyam. How do I survive, my friend. [Delhi] . [1996?]. 1 videocassette (80 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Looks at the human cost of large dams which - in the name of development or national interest - often disrupt lives, submerge villages, destroy and/or erode ancient and contemporary cultures and eco-systems. Filmed in locations in Central India that were once thriving economic and cultural centers but that now lie submerged under the reservoir waters of the Sardar Sarovar dam on the Narmada river. Kaise Jeebo Re records the victims' account of this man-made disaster. VHS 5598

Kamala and Raji [videorecording] / produced and directed by Michael Camerini. New York . c1990. 1 videocassette (46 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Presents the story of two poor women in Ahmadabad, India, and their efforts to improve their lives. VHS 1156

Kashmir [videorecording] : valley of despair / a film by Marion Mayer-Hohdahl ; a Journeyman Pictures production. Princeton, NJ . c1998. 1 videocassette (44 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. The valley of Kashmir is occupied by both India and Pakistan and acts as a buffer zone between these two nuclear powers. The Kashmiri people want an independent, autonomous state, which India refuses to grant. India fears that if Kashmir gains sovereignty, other ethnic minorities may also demand independence. The Kashmiri rebels, backed by Pakistan, and Indian government forces are waging a war of attrition that nobody appears to be winning and which could result in nuclear conflict. This program provides a history and a thorough analysis of the political, religious, and ethnic causes of the Kashmir conflict. VHS 6310

Keep her under control [videorecording] : law's patriarchy in India / produced by Erin Moore. Berkeley, CA . c1998. 1 videocassette (52 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 guide (4 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.). Produced and filmed in northeastern Rajasthan, India, this video documents a dispute resolution in a multi-caste village of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs. The film discusses the Meos, a Muslim farming caste, and shows the paradox between a male ideology that demands the control of women and one woman's resistance to that agenda. VHS 5587

Knowing her place [videorecording] / a documentary by Indu Krishnan. New York, N.Y. : Women Make Movies, [1990]. 1 videocassette (40 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. An Indian woman looks at her life, her marriage, and her role in contemporary society both in India and the United States. VHS 3688

The Last citizens [videorecording] / produced by Democracy Films Limited in association with Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Central Independent Television, and WQED-Pittsburgh with the participation of Telefilm Canada and Petro-Canada ltd. [Chicago?] . c1989. 1 videocassette (57 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Citizenship in a democratic state carries with it not only rights, but responsibilities. This program's examines limits placed on citizens' rights in India, the Swiss belief in citizens' responsibilities, and women's struggle for equal rights in Canada and in Iceland. VHS 3806

The Mahabharata [videorecording] / Les Productions du 3ème Etage in association with Channel 4 Television, the Brooklyn Academy of Music and the assistance of Le Centre national de la cinématographie. New York, N.Y . c1989. 2 videocassettes (166 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Epic retelling of the sacred Sanskrit poem, "The Great Story of Mankind," that forms the basis for much of Hindu culture. Film is an intimate journey to the very heart of Indian mythology, religion, history and thought as it brings to life the conflict between two feuding royal families, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, as they wage genocidal war, bring down their civilization and eventually find redemption. VHS 5219

A Migrant's heart [videorecording] / a BBC production for the Open University in association with the Annenberg/CPB Project at the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. So. Burlington, VT : Annenberg/CPB Collection, 1996. Human geography, people places and change ; 8. 1 videocassette (27 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. An English actor, Jatinder Verma, whose parents came from India and then migrated to East Africa and finally England returns to visit New Delhi, India, to seek his roots, and to work through ethnic identity problems which can result when one is caught between two worlds. VHS 3608

Miss India Georgia [videorecording] / produced and directed by Daniel Friedman and Sharon Grimberg. Yellow Springs, Ohio . 1997. 1 videocassette (56 mins.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Documentary look at four contestants in the Miss India Georgia Pageant in Atlanta. It tells the story of their experiences as first generation Americans and the difficulties of blending a contemporary American life style with the cultural heritage and traditions of India. These young women disclose the complexity of their feelings about growing up in the U.S. as children of immigrant parents. VHS 5156

Monthly ancestral offerings in Hinduism [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 4. 1 videocassette (8 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Depicts the reverential offerings made by the Hindus to departed ancestors. Provides an understanding of how ritualism defines even eschatological hope in Hinduism, and indicates why a son is regarded highly. VHS 1554

Mythos. Vol. 2, The Shaping of the Eastern tradition [videorecording] / a production of Unapix Entertainment, Inc. and William Free Productions ; the Joseph Campbell Foundation. New York, NY . c1997. 5 videocassettes (280 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Series looks at the shaping of the Eastern tradition and examines spirituality through the mythic images of Hinduism and Buddhism. The Inward path: Introduces the core ideas of Eastern traditions and explores what Aldous Huxley called the perennial Philosophy and how it is realized in Hinduism and Buddhism. Traces the development of the idea of spiritual emancipation from the early Indus Valley civilizations through the Vedic literature to the Upanishads. Identifies the point of departure between the Eastern and Western traditions. Explains the concept of Nirvana and sets the stage for the arrival of the Buddha. -- The Enlightened One: Uses stories of the Buddha's life and enlightenment to reflect the essence of the Buddhist religion. Explains the difference between the two principal types of Buddhism - Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana. Also probes the differences between Eastern and Western religion by focusing on Buddhism as a religion of "identification with" the divine rather than one of "relationship to" it. Also compares Buddhism and Taoism and Confucianism. Our Eternal selves: Introduces systems of yoga that grew out of the mainstream of India spiritually. Demonstrates how the Eastern way of perceiving consciousness is radically difference from how it is perceived in the West. Shows how yoga acts as a meditation to bring the practitioner to ever higher stages of consciousness, to unite one's personal consciousness with the eternal, undifferentiated consciousness of the divine. -- The Way to illumination: Explains the form of Kundalini Yoga that concentrates on the seven chakras or symbolic centers of our psychic energy and makes comparisons with modern Western psychology and Christian concepts. Explores how this system teaches rituals and mediation practices to united the spiritual power in the human being with the spiritual force of the universe. The Experience of God: Demonstrates how Tibetan Buddhists turn the ritual experience of death into a spiritual exercise. Traces the stages of the Tibetan Book of the Dead in which the Llama prepares a dying man and his family for the final moments of life. Reveals how the Eastern tradition reaches its most sophisticated expression in the art, philosophy and mysticism in the Buddhism of Tibet. VHS 5143

Of snakes and software [videorecording] : India at the crossroads of change / Tushar Kothari presents an ICS production ; executive producer, Pranay Gupte ; produced by Barbara Winard ; written by Barbara Winard and Bernard Kalb. [Washington, DC . c1992. 1 videocassette (58 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Discusses changes that have been happening in India over the past few years, and how India is competing in an age of increasing globalization of capital, markets and production. VHS 1621

Partition of Pakistan [videorecording] / produced by Café Productions Ltd. for Channel Four. Princeton, NJ . 1998. 1 videocassette (50 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. In August 1947, Pakistan became a separate Muslim nation amid the bloodshed following the partitioning of India. To this day, the religious animosities that prompted the separation persist, with both Muslims and Hindus claiming political superiority. This program examines the role of Pakistan's founder, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, in Pakistan's fight to be recognized as a separate nation. It traces Jinnah's evolution from supporter of a British plan to preserve India as a single nation with Muslim autonomy, through his contentious relationship with Mahatma Gandhi, to his ultimate role as leader of the Pakistani separatist movement. Jinnah's legacy is examined in India and Pakistan, where he is alternately vilified and deified. VHS 6309

Pilgrimage to a Hindu temple [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 6. 1 videocassette (13 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Explains that making a pilgrimage to places of special sanctity is an age-old tradition of popular Hindu piety. Follows a Brahmin pilgrim into the temple and to the innermost shrine. Shows areas inside a temple, which are normally inaccessible to non-Hindus and suggests how the areas appear to a believing Hindu. VHS 1556

Pilgrimage to Pittsburgh [videorecording] / produced and directed by Ron Hess for the Department of Religious Studies, The University of Pittsburgh. Madison, WI : University of Wisconsin, Madison, Center for South Asia [distributor], [1999?]. 1 videocassette (30 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Looks at the Hindu community at the Sri Venkateswara Temple in Pittsburgh. In 1986 the community celebrated the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the temple. Thousands of Indians from other U.S. cities traveled to Pittsburgh to participate in the celebration. Activities at the temple foster an understanding of the Hindu religion and the Indian culture and lifestyle. VHS 5933

The price of progress [videorecording] / Central Independent Television ; presented and narrated by Bob Geldof ; produced and directed by Nicholas Claxton. Oley, Penn. c1989. 1 videocassette (54 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Takes a critical look at the role of the World Bank in development projects in many less developed and third-world countries such as India, Indonesia, and Brazil. The program reveals that the damage that many of these projects do in terms of destruction of the natural environment and forced displacement and relocation is astounding. VHS 4905

Puja [videorecording] : expressions of Hindu devotion. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution, 1996. 1 videocassette (29 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Introduces viewers to one of the basic elements of Hinduism. In Puja, Hindus honor gods and goddesses through rituals focused on objects that are believed to be filled with the divine being's spirit. American Hindus discuss puja and what it means to them. Devotees worship deities and offer food, water, and flowers, seeking to make a spiritual connection with the gods. VHS 5666

R¯adh¯a's day [videorecording] / produced in cooperation with Center for Instructional Communications, Syracus University; American Institute of Indian Studies, Poona and Philadelphia; Educational Resources Center, New Delhi; and State Education Dept. of the University of the State of New York. Arlington, Va. : Bono Film & Video Services, 1991. Image India ; no. 5. 1 videocassette (17 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Follows the activities of a teenage Hindu girl during a typical day as a basis for a study of Hindu family life in a middle-class urban setting.. VHS 1555

Raju and his friends [videorecording] / a film by Marcus Banks. London . 1988. 1 videocassette (ca. 39 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Raju's friendships with different people provide a map of contemporary Indian urban life in Jamnagar, western India. VHS 2850

The Romany trail [videorecording] / Harcourt Films. [Newton, N.J.?] : Shanachie Records, c1992. Beats of the heart. 2 videocassettes (ca. 120 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Gypsy music into Africa: is a search for the "lost" gypsy tribes of Egypt, and traces their route into Spain. -- Gypsy music into Europe: goes to India, to find what are believed to be the original gypsy families whose descendants migrated across the Middle East to Africa and Europe, and then goes to Eastern Europe, among the oppressed gypsy communities of then-Communist Europe. VHS 3270

Saheri's choice [videorecording] / a film by Hamish McDonald, Christophe de Neuville ; co-produced by Srishti Videocorp Ltd with the Help of the European Commission. Princeton, NJ . c1998. 1 videocassette (27 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Glimpse into contemporary Indian society as program examines the custom of arranged marriages in India. Follows the story of one girl and her family as they confront the reality of an impending marriage that was arranged when the girl was barely six years old. An overview of the custom presents it as common among all castes, although many Indians view the practice in a negative light. Education, family wealth, and astrological compatibility are examined as important in determining with whom the marriages are arranged. In one case, the issue of dowry leads to the suicide of a young female marriage prospect. Severe penalties for breaking engagements are discussed, along with divorce negotiations should the marriage fail. VHS 5344

Seeds of plenty, seeds of sorrow [videorecording] / a Media Workshop production for BBC Television ; director, Manjira Datta. Oley, PA : Bullfrog Films, 1992. Developing stories. 1 videocassette (50 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. This documentary film shows the effects of the once-vaunted Green Revolution in India. Instead of massive harvests of wheat, pesticide poisoning and fertilizer shortages have turned the revolution's workers into a new serf class and created a bureaucratic nightmare. VHS 3475

Smoke, smoke screen [videorecording] / Usha ; produced by Saheli Picture Production. [Washington, D.C.] . c1997. 1 videocassette (18 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Film shot in India and the United States that uses a simple, yet essential chore of society - cooking - as a vehicle to critique cultural stereotyping and also to examine the loss one feels when the changes wrought by globalization in the physical and cultural landscape of a country make it impossible to truly go "home" again. VHS 5141

So far from India [videorecording] / Mira Nair Productions. New York, NY . 1991. 1 videocassette (49 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Looks at the rhythm of middle-class family life in a small town in India as it describes the experiences of Ashok Sheth, a recently arrived Indian immigrant in America, who postpones sending for his family who is still in India. Money is scarce and Sheth is growing away from the traditional life he left behind. Meanwhile his wife, dependent on her in-laws for sustenance, has lost face. Film seeks to explore the conflicts that arise when Indian culture meets American society. VHS 5884

Something like a war [videorecording] / D & N Productions (India) in association with Equal Media Ltd. (London) for Channel 4 ; executive producer, Sorab Irani ; director/producer, Deepa Dhanraj. New York, N.Y. c1991, 1993. 1 videocassette (52 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Presents the dilemma of population pressure in India, where the official policy of population control clashes with the cultural values surrounding childbirth. VHS 4693

South Asia, aspiring India [videorecording]: China and its sphere [Pt.1] / a production of Cambridge Studios in collaboration with ABC-TV Open Learning, Australia...[et al.] Santa Barbara, CA : Annenberg/CPB Project, 1995. The power of place: world regional geography ; pt. 21-22. 1 videocassette (58 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. In Delhi, bursting at the seams, a geographer studies Delhi as a multicultural, rapidly growing city. Dikhatpura, Help through irrigation, explores the lives of farmers reliant on irrigation in Southwestern India. Lanzhou, confluence of cultures, examines the cultural diversity of the population of Lanzhou in northwestern China. Shenyang, hope for China's rust belt? investigates the struggling manufacturing industries in Shenyang, China. VHS 3771-3772

Stories my country told me [videorecording] : with Eqbal Ahmad / a Penumbra Production for BBC Arena and RM Arts. Princeton, N.J. 2000. 1 videocassette (56 min.) : sd., col with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. Eqbal Ahmad, a leading authority on colonialism and nationalism, travels Pakistan's and India's Grand Trunk Road from Calcutta to Lahore, commenting on the history and politics of the subcontinent. Having personally experienced, as a child, the partition into India and Pakistan, he speaks movingly of the evil effects of nationalism and sectarian hatred. VHS 6305

Storyteller in the bazaar [videorecording] / produced by ICS, Inc. [Washington, DC : American University Library Media Services Dept.], 1991. Profiles in progress ; pt. 6. 1 videocassette (29 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. A dialogue between author Shashi Tharoor and Robert S. Hirschfield. In The Great Indian novel, Tharoor questions our basic assumptions about India, about development, and about forces that can transform an ancient country into a modern land. VHS 2300 pt.6

A stranger in my native land [videorecording] / Ritu Sarin ; Tenzing Sonam ; White Crane Films. Berkeley, Calif. 1998. 1 videocassette (33 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. In 1949 Tibet was invaded and occupied by the Communist Chinese. Film maker Tenzing Sonam, a Tibetan in exile who was born and raised in India, travels to Tibet for the first time accompanied by his Indian wife to discover his homeland and his family connections. VHS 5588

Taj Mahal [videorecording] : the story of Muslim India / written and photographed by Mary Lee Nolan. Huntsville, Tex. c1991. 1 videocassette (24 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. + study guide (1 fold. sheet ; 28 cm.) in box. For more than 300 years, the Taj Mahal has stood as the symbol of the rich court life of the Moghuls and of Shah Jahan's love for his wife. This videotape examines Shah Jahan and the history of the waves of Muslim conquerors who swept over the mountains to rule the Indian subcontinent. VHS 1932

Taxi-vala [videorecording] : auto-biography / a video by Vivek Renjen Bald ; a Mistaken Identity Production. United States . c1994. 1 videocassette [48 min.] : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Documentary, exploring the experiences and attitudes of Indian and Pakistani taxi drivers in New York City, questions as well the filmmaker's relationship to these South Asian immigrants and to his mixed-race heritage. VHS 3985

There'll always be stars in the sky [videorecording] : the Indian film music phenomenon / Harcourt Films ; producer-director, Jeremy Marre. [Newton, N.J.?] : Shanachie Records, c1992, [orig. 1983] Beats of the heart. 1 videocassette (ca. 60 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. Behind the scenes in India's Hollywood, with actors, singers, musical directors and others in recording sessions, on shooting sets, in posh residences, and on teeming streets. VHS 3269

Tibet, a seed for transformation. Part 1, The Chinese / Tibetan situation / Jupiter Video ; Wendy Schofield. Olympia, WA . c1990. 1 videocassette (ca. 29 min.) : sd., col. 1/2 in. Describes Tibet's political circumstances and China's nuclear activities, human rights violations and environmental destruction in the region.. VHS 1507

Tibet [videorecording] : a culture in exile / produced by Alan Abrams. New York . c1990. 1 videocassette (ca. 23 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Presents Tibetan culture in a historical context and particularly traces the Dalai Lama's effort to preserve Tibet culture destroyed by China. VHS 1509

Tibet [videorecording] : the end of time / Time Life Video & Television presents ; produced, directed & written by Harry Marshall. Alexandria, Va. : Time Life Video & Television, c1995. Lost civilizations. 1 videocassette (ca. 50 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Isolated by the Himalayas, Tibet has developed a culture centered on lives of altruism, the worship of the Dalai Lama as the manifestation of god on earth, and a perception of life as a repeating cycle. Now, however, modern life is intruding and the Tibetans' quest for peace, inner knowledge and nirvana may cease to exist. VHS 5180

Tibetan Buddhism [videorecording] / a production of the South Asian Area Center, University of Wisconsin and Educational Communications International. Madison, WI : Film Distribution Office, Center for South Asian Studies [distributor], [1983?]. 3 videocassettes (120 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. A documentary on Tibetan Buddhist culture. VHS 3940

Trekking on tradition [videorecording]. Berkeley, CA . c1992. 1 videocassette (44 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Explores the effects of mountain tourism (known as trekking) on a small village in rural Nepal. It examines the views of both the trekkers (Europeans and Americans) and the Nepalese, and weaves a complex patchwork of conflicting dreams, desires, aspirations, and frustrations. VHS 3585

Ujeli [videorecording] / producer, Rina Gil ; director, Dipendra Gauchan. Kathmandu, Nepal : Aabhar ; Maryknoll, N.Y. : distributed by Maryknoll World Productions, [1992?]. 1 videocassette (60 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Drama about Ujeli, whose parents arrange a marriage for her when she is ten years old. She is forced to serve her new family although her husband is allowed to remain a child. VHS 3818

Village Voices: 40 years of rural transformation in South India (Videorecording). GERMANY : INSTITUT FUR DEN WISSENSCHAFTLICHEN FILM. No call number available

Wedding song [videorecording] : Henna art among Pakistani women in New York City. [New York, N.Y.] . 1990. 1 videocassette (41 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Shenaz Hooda illustrates the traditional art of mehendi, the henna decoration of women's hands and feet for weddings and other festive occasions. The film includes the ceremonies as well as the Urdu songs (with English sub-titles) that are part of a traditional Ismailite wedding. VHS 1076

When mother comes home for Christmas-- [videorecording] / a co-production of ZDF, the Greek Film Centre and FilmSixteen. Athens, Greece : P. Papazoglou Video, 1998? 1 videocassette (109 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Documentary look at the life of a "guest worker." Film follows for two months the life of Josephine Perera, a Sri Lankan widow who left her three children behind when she went to Greece to work as a housekeeper for an affluent Greek family with a young child. Film follows her as she returns home at Christmas after having been away eight years. Her earnings, the majority of which have been sent home, have allowed her to keep her children in boarding school, buy a bus for her oldest son's business and put aside money for a dowry for her daughter who wants to marry a man with no prospects. Film explores the problems created in a society that, as an answer to its unemployment problems, encourages its women to live abroad as domestic workers. VHS 5570

When women unite [videorecording] : the story of an uprising / executive producers, Shabnam Virmani, Nata Duvvury ; direction, Shabnam Virmani ; a Drishti-C-Dit co-production. [New York . distributor], c1996. 1 videocassette (80 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Using interviews with participants and reenactments, filmmakers recreate an actual event. In Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India, between 1992 and 1995, arrack, a type of country liquor, was being manufactured by the government and supplied to the villages through middlemen. Since arrack was easier to obtain than water, the village men were staying intoxicated and becoming more and more abusive to their families. The women of the villages in Nellore District rallied and got the government to stop the sale of arrack in the villages. VHS 4650

A Woman's place [videorecording] : short stories / [presented by] Bullfrog Films ; TVE International. Oley, PA : Bullfrog Films, [1995]. 1 videocassette (70 min.) : sd., col. with b&w sequences ; 1/2 in. Six 10 minute videos by women about the status and condition of women in 6 countries. [1] In Fiji women are involved in new sea farming projects. -- [2] In South India a literacy campaign gives birth to an effective anti-liquor campaign. -- [3] In South Africa, the Women's Health Project ensures that women will have a voice in shaping the new health care system. -- [4] A new generation of Caribbean women are using drama and reggae to focus attention on domestic violence. -- [5] Thousands of Filipino women are leaving children and country behind to work as domestics in Hong Kong. -- [6] Guatemalan women widowed in the civil unrest have formed an organization, Conavigua, to conduct literacy classes and encourage political participation. VHS 4106

Women [videorecording] : footprints in the sands of time / Sri Lanka Federation of University Women. St. Louis Park, MN : Glenhurst Publications, Inc., [1990?]. 1 videocassette (22 min.) : sd., col. ; 1/2 in. Illustrates the history of the women of Sri Lanka and explains their contemporary concerns, gives examples of ways they are organizing to make legal, educational and work related changes to benefit women. History shows Sri Lanka women were among the early rulers, achieved suffrage in 1931, and gave the world the first woman Prime Minister and led the "women in development movement." In recent years women have achieved prominence in government and the professions. 60% of Sri Lankan women live in rural or village areas and have been Helped by the growth of voluntary associations. VHS 1202